The Many Designations of the Hagia Sophia

The Hagia Sophia has been the subject of competing influences for centuries.

1211

(click to enlarge) Situated in the heart of Istanbul and overlooking the Bosporus Strait, which many consider a bridge between East and West, the status of the Hagia Sophia has for centuries been subject to competing influences. Erected originally as an Orthodox Christian basilica by the Byzantine Empire, the Hagia Sophia was converted into a […]

This article is for subscribers only

Join thousands of readers who rely on GPF for clear-eyed geopolitical analysis.

$89 per year Save 18% vs. monthly
Full access to all daily analysis & forecasts
George Friedman's geopolitical insights
2026 Forecast & Special Collection on the Middle East
100% reader-supported
Subscribe Now

30-day money-back guarantee


Already a subscriber? Log in

Geopolitical Futures
Geopolitical Futures (GPF) was founded in 2015 by George Friedman, international strategist and author of The Storm Before the Calm and The Next 100 Years. GPF is non-ideological, analyzes the world and forecasts the future using geopolitics: political, economic, military and geographic dimensions at the foundation of a nation.