The joint U.S.-Israeli military assault on Iran triggered the largest oil supply disruption in the history of global energy markets. For Europe, barely four years removed from the start of the last major energy crisis, sparked by Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the Middle East war is like a strike to a wound that hasn’t […]
Europe’s Second Energy Reckoning
The Iran war has triggered a systemic shock that is testing the resilience of the EU’s post-Russia energy order.





